Understanding Lenora Chus Argument Essays - Rhetoric, Literature

Understanding Lenora Chus' Argument As a senior and college students, i've been prepared to be successful in my life for a long-term period. Even though i have studied in a school that is very modern, there are some school in other location such as china that are not modernized and could affect student's long-term life. Just the same as what Lenora state's in her editorial. Lenora appellate "Will the Next Steve Jobs Be From China?" written by Lenora Chu. Lenora is an American Writer and Journalist. She has worked as a television correspondent for Thomson Reuters and consultant to 'ities and the private sector. Her articles has appeared in CNNMONEY, The New York Times, Science, Christian Science Monitor and on National Public Radio and many more. She has come across a location in China in which still uses the Chinese Traditional Education System. The use of this system leaves student behind and not able to explore and be creative on their own. Instead, they are forced to take tests or exams every week or two i n order to check their position based on their academic system. Lenora mainly targets specifically the minister of Education's National Research Center. The secret behind taking time and writing her editorial is due to an event that occurred the day before. Students in Peking University study hall were taking an exam, which is located in Beijing, China. People have been 50% bias and 50% non-bias on her articles, writing, and editorials. Lenora claims the chinese education system is changing towards a creative education system, even though it's going very slow but it's progressing. Throughout her editorial, she is very persuasive due to the reasoning she provides the reader with. The use of quotations builds credibility in her editorial. She states the chinese leadership intents on improving the system. "There is nothing that should remain unchanged when it comes to reform of our educational institution." Wang Feng, a director in the Ministry of Education's National Research Center. Plus, this is an individual in which case has a background in the field, so this helps with logos and ethos. She incorporates specifics of what they are facing and how they are trying to solve the issue. Statistics are being used to show facts, so that once again the reader could start trusting her editorial, such as: "defined as the memorization of 3,500 distinct character" " American students students generally spend 90 minutes fewer in school each day..." Another one that quotes "of the nine million students who take the national college entrance exam, about two to three million will fail to advance into college." Lenora uses so many other statistics that leaves the reader with a good sense of mind and trust worthiness. She does not only make the audience intelligible of her side of argument but she jots down the other side of her argument and rebuts it very respectfully. That builds a good connection between the reader and the writer. Also, the first paragraph uses pathos to remind the reader of problems in their own schooling. The mixture of Logos and pathos are used to convince the reader, or persuade the reader in a sense. The editorial format is MLA, it does not contain any slang words that would dissuade the reader. Lenora is a professional writer and so words in favor of professionalism are engaged in her editorial. Although some people might disagree with my argument and say we should not be intruding into some other country's education system. This might be a bit difficult for some people to understand but what we should be aware of is that the more the education systems are similar, the more we would be able to come to an agreement due to the similarities of the education system and so same thinking. There are even websites and blogs promoting this cause. This editorial persuades the reader with the use of logos, pathos and ethos. Lenora uses several quotation throughout her editorial in various locations. She also uses statistics to provide a credible sense to the reader. The main ideology introduces a new, latest and workable education system for everyone. The newer education system will skyrocket the students into

Dilemma Essays - Reserve Officers Training Corps,

Dilemma UOP Personal Dilemma/Values Paper Michael L Harmon Gen 480 January 11, 2001 A dilemma that I experienced has to do with the military. In 1992 I had a values conflict that had to do with my job situation. At that time, we had just elected a new president. This man, who had publicly acknowledged the fact that he did not go to Vietnam, but in fact, received his draft notice in 1969. Clinton requested Senator Fulbright and others to help him get into the ROTC unit at the University of Arkansas. That ROTC unit was already filled to capacity and there was a waiting line. With the assistance of Sen. Fulbright's office, a series of lies to Col. Holmes at the University of Arkansas ROTC unit, he was able to get his draft notice suspended pending enrollment into ROTC, which of course he never did. During this process, he violated several laws. In Section 50 of the U.S. Constitution, it states that no man shall be accepted for ROTC enlistment after he has received an order to report for induction unless authorized by the Secretary of Defense. The next law he broke was Section 801 which states that a person that had registered for draft, was delinquent, and was mailed notice to report before certain date or he would be in military service of United States, he was subject to trial by court-martial after that date, and it was not necessary to show his receipt of notice. The third law he broke was the fact that Clinton was not enrolled as a student at the school where he enrolled into ROTC, so he was in violation of Section 32 which states that students desiring enrollment in a unit must be enrolled in and attending full time a regular course of instruction at a school participating in the program. Clintons' ROTC enlistment was accomplished illegally withholding the fact he had already been drafted and by unlawfully withholding the fact that he had two years ROTC experience at Georgetown University. By rejoining ROTC, he had automatically committed himself to a mandatory two years of active duty in the army. He had refused to sign up for the third year of ROTC earlier for this very reason. Section 10 states that any member who is selected for third and fourth year of the program is may be ordered to active duty by the Secretary of the military department concerned to serve in his enlisted grade or rating for such period of time as the Secretary prescribes but not for more than two years. Clinton didn't follow this part of the law. He should have been persecuted when he submitted his informal resignation in a letter dated December 1969. This violates another section of the law. Section 50 states that once a student has signed up, he must complete that course unless relieved of h is duties by the Secretary of the Army. He also broke some additional laws. These include fraudulent enlistment, failure to report for induction, failure to inform the armed forces of his departure of the country, and the rest pertain to her stint while in England. While in England, he violated quite a few serious laws which include aiding the enemy, mutiny, rebellion, treason, and this same Bill Clinton who broke all those laws to stay out of military service was known for leading anti-war demonstrations -- until after he received a draft number that kept him out of the draft. Even though the fighting in Vietnam continued, Billy stopped being a war protester. When he has been asked why, he has not responded. . I experienced a dilemma due to these facts. I was not sure if I that I would be able to serve under a commander and chief who had dodged the draft and violated all these laws. This conflict caused me a major dilemma. First of all, I enjoyed my time in service and I had planned to make a career out of it. After he got elected, I had to re-evaluate my situation: Should I stay and serve a commander who would was everything from a draft dodge to a person who would have been executed for performing treason to his own country. This

As I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind (village), I felt as if someone was following my every footstep Essays

As I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind (village), I felt as if someone was following my every footstep Essays As I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind (village), I felt as if someone was following my every footstep Essay As I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind (village), I felt as if someone was following my every footstep Essay As I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind (village), I felt as if someone was following my every footstep. With each of my trembling paces the terrifying sounds behind me intensified rapidly, increasing my tension to the limit. By now my heart was beating faster than a train at full speed, which forced me to run as fast as possible and turn into the next alley way. Frightened as the raged man stopped about a metre away and looked around, terrified that he would find me I held my breath and closed my eyes. As I gradually opened my eyes I watched the person sprint off into the mist. After being sure I was safe, I let out a sigh of relief and started to walk out of the alley but before I could take one step out, a shadowy figure grabbed me from behind, with one of his hands covering my mouth, and his wild hair over my face, he dived his other hand into each of my pockets and stole all of my belongings, after which he through me into the wall whilst ripping my chain from my neck , after he ran off I became unconscious because of hitting my head on the wall. Once I regained consciousness I slowly got together the courage to rise to my feet thinking of what to do next and where to go after a while I realised that I could go home and crush my hopes or I could follow my dreams where ever they lead me. Subsequent to that incident all my confidence of continuing had been demolished so I decided to return home, while I was walking home I could not stop wishing that Babuji had not found out yet. With the feeling that Sharan-jeet would tell Babuji any minute now about all my previous plans and that I had run away, I ran as fast as I could not worrying about anything else but as I reached home I realised that Babuji had already found out as I saw him throwing all my belongings, clothes and pictures out of the house, while swearing at me uncontrollably with mother trying her best to stop him. Once I saw and heard how much Babuji hated me, I hastily became enraged whilst being emotionally fragile. I ran off towards the bus stop increasing my confidence all the way while being haunted by the images of Babuji throwing my belongings away, enforcing tears to flow down my face. While still being upset, I reached the bus stop and got on the bus to Mumbai while wiping the tears off my face. As usual the bus became packed at the next stop, hardly having any space to breathe I tried to keep my mind away from what Babuji did, even though being squashed at the back of the bus I still could not stop thinking about it. Soon a conductor arrived and got on at the front of the bus. He stated asking for tickets, very slowly pushing his way through the crowd, making me panic as I had no money. Unfortunately after many stops, he reached me and asked for my ticket, I looked around pretending I did not hear, but from that he knew I had no ticket. Like a strike of lightning he clutched my colla r, lifted me up and pushed through the crowd and took me to the door, whilst blowing a ferocious whistle to stop the bus. Just as the bus stopped he threw me out of the bus with all his strength. I was in extreme pain, I still had my courage and I decided to continue towards Mumbai by foot. After many gruelling hours I reached Mumbai, each day I went to different movie studios asking for a role in a movie but many times I was thrown out by security or told to get lost, youre too young and there are no roles for you. Due to this I never earned any money and I starved each and every day in the unforgiving heat, feeling death coming closer each day, while sitting in the same spot all day losing energy and seeing the amount of garbage and dirt mounting. Each night became hell when each Bollywood movie came to life as I watched people getting their brains shot out and the numerous gang wars, barely surviving each one. Virtually dead I was found by probably the last surviving kind-hearted person, who helped me return from the clutches death by caring for me like a son. As soon as I recovered I started to work with him as a chai-wala (someone that gives tea) for local movie studios. Months passed by doing the same things each day again and again, but fortunately one day on my way to a studio, lonely and depressed, slowly walking remembering mother, and being worried by her whilst being disturbed by the terrifying memories of Babuji, when a Natak (theatre) audition poster caught my eye, remembering my past dreams and hoping for the best I entered. As I stood waiting in the stretched queue waiting my turn, I developed new dreams of becoming the SRK (Shahrukh Khan) of theatre. Next as I was called in I started to become nervous but I still entered and performed. Although I gave a magnificent performance I still only got the role of an extra, even though I was happy to be selected the role was a bit too small. Years passed and I slowly made my way up the ladder from an extra to the lead role. After 2 years of hard work and dedication I finally became what I wanted the SRK of theatre. After many shows we decided to do a Mumbai tour of 8 shows. While on the Mumbai tour I was approached by the god of movie makers Yash Raj Chopra and offered a role in his latest movie, obviously I said yes while thinking of my family and how I was mocked when I said I wanted to be a movie star. Once I got signed for the movie and fulfilled my dreams, I decided to return home. Again I walked through the ghostly streets of my pind on my way home, whilst being followed by those disturbing memories, and being held back so I did not retuning, but this could not stop me as I am not that foolish anymore. As I continued childhood memories came back, with the rocky sand seeping into my shoes and the mist collecting with the laughter of children in the distance as I entered my house. The whole house looked exactly the same as when I left. Not even one thing had changed, while remembering all the good times I searched the whole house for mother, Sharan-jeet and Babuji, as I could not find then so asked around and found out that Sharan-jeet had got married 6 months ago, which broke my heart because I was not their for her special day and she would never forgive me for that, but tears started to flow when I found out that Babuji had passed away 3 months ago and mother 2 weeks later due to shock. After the bad news I was shattered and emotionally unstable, but I made t he decision to continue my life as before because I would be hurting their souls if I stayed like this, so I continued with my movie career with them always in my heart.

Introduction to Counselling Essay Essays

Introduction to Counselling Essay Essays Introduction to Counselling Essay Essay Introduction to Counselling Essay Essay Definition of a CounselorGuidance is about to give aid instead than advice. advice often means stating people what they should or ought to make. and this has no topographic point in reding. Counselors look at what is possible. but do non state clients what they should make. That would be the counselor taking control instead than the client deriving control. The primary difference between reding and other signifiers of assisting is the manner in which the counselor listens. A counselor should ever be factual within their notes. you should ever take notes after a session while fresh on your head. taking notes in a session can do clients to maybe experience disquieted or nervous on what you’reseting down and besides maintain you interested and proved to be listening. The difference between advice. counsel and guidance Advice: Chiefly a one-way exchange. giving an sentiment. doing a opinion. doing a recommendation =Persuasive. Guidance: Chiefly a one-way exchange. demoing the manner. educating. act uponing. teaching =Encouraging. Skills of a counselor Every individual who uses reding accomplishments is designated a counselor. We can separate two wide groups of people who use reding accomplishments. people who are called counselors who engage in reding as a distinguishable business and others who use reding accomplishments as portion of their other accomplishments. They would be temporarily in the function. for illustration we go to our physician for something medical or a head-shrinker for something spiritually incorrect these set up a assisting relationship. What they offer is non reding nevertheless they use reding accomplishments. they may besides be trained counselors so the dividing line is non clear cut. The difference is that the individual knows when guidance is taking topographic point and has agreed to it. Other accomplishments you pick up on when reding are: * Respecting personal infinite* maintaining legs uncrossed and sitting relaxed* Being unfastened with organic structure linguistic communication.* Bringing your organic structure in to speak is being interested and sitting back shows you’re interested and engaged. * Memory is the key.* Try non to speak with custodies or sit on them.* Clothing can be insouciant but formal depending on where you work * Puting a good first feeling is of import* Keep facial looks to a minimal show look but bound to how much. * Eye contact should be minimum maintain eyes traveling around the face * Think about distractions before your client arrives * Keep your client informed on what we’re traveling to make and non make. * Being agreeable and willing to be at that place. and most significantly assisting yourclient to acquire back on path. Valuess of reding and psychotherapeutics Valuess inform principals. They represent the of import manner of showing a general ethical committedness that becomes more exactly defined and action-orientated when expressed as a principal. At all times counselors must demo a committedness to:Respecting human rights and self-respectProtecting the safety of clientsSing the unity of practitioner/client relationshipsEnhancing the quality of professional cognition and its application Alleviating personal hurt and agonyFostering a sense of ego that is meaningful to the individual ( s ) concerned Increasing personal effectivityEnhancing the quality of relationships between peopleAppreciating the assortment of human experience between peopleEndeavoring for the just and equal proviso of guidance and psychotherapeutics services Ethical rules of reding and psychotherapeutics Principles direct attending to of import ethical duties. there are six ethical rules that are used which besides help on doing determinations when looking over them. they are as follows: * Being trusty – honoring the trust placed in the practician. he’s to constructing good apprehension and helps your client being able to open up if the trust is at that place. * Autonomy – regard for the clients to be autonomous. this is of import to let and assist our client to derive their ability to be self-directing. * Beneficence – a committedness to advancing the clients well-being. ever moving in the best involvements of the client based on professional appraisal. * Non-maleficence – a committedness to avoiding injury to the client. make non take advantage of the client at their most vulnerable portion in their life i. e. sexual. fiscal. emotional or any other signifier of client development. * Justice – the just and impartial intervention of all clients and the proviso of equal services. a committedness to fairness requires the ability to appreciate differences between people and to be committed to equality of chance. and avoiding favoritism against people or groups contrary to their legitimate personal or societal features. * Self-respect – furthering the practitioner’s self-knowledge and attention for ego. seeking guidance or therapy and other chances for personal development as required. The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the extreme importance to clients. Personal moral qualities The practitioner’s personal moral qualities are of the extreme importance to clients. Many of the personal qualities considered of import in the proviso of services have an ethical or moral constituent and hence considered as virtuousnesss or good personal qualities. It is inappropriate to order that all practicians possess these qualities. since it is cardinal that these personal qualities are profoundly rooted in the individual concerned and developed out of personal committedness instead than the demand of an external authorization. Personal qualities to which counselors and clinical psychologists are strongly encouraged to draw a bead on include: Empathy: The ability to pass on apprehension of another person’s experience from that person’s position. Understand and allowing them know that you understand Sincerity: a personal committedness to consistence between what is professed and what is done. Bing honest. stating something and significance it. Bing able to be sincere and listen to your client instead than speaking. Integrity: committedness to being moral in traffics with others. personal downrightness. honestness and coherency. Trust is really of import. Resilience: the capacity to work with the client’s concerns without being personally diminished. Bing able to hear what your client is stating to you and being able to remain at that place and non experiencing the demand to go forth or shout with your client because of their narrative you are hearing. being able to keep your ain. Respect: screening appropriate regards to others and their apprehension of themselves. Appropriate regard and understanding themselves. esteem that the individual respects themselves. Not judging why they got to that point and assist them understand why they got to this point. Humility: the ability to measure accurately and admit one’s ain strengths and failings. Believing your good at something. work towards non experiencing that you’re put down and low. Competence: the effectual deployment of the accomplishments and cognition needed to make what is required. Keep bettering accomplishments. cognizing you know what you are making but you can construct on it. Fairness: the consistent application of appropriate standards to inform determinations and actions. Knowing your able to run into your clients’ demands and if non discourse you could mention them to person else. besides about being just to self. do certain your ever being just to your clients in the determinations you make. Wisdom: ownership of sound opinion that informs pattern. Sound opinion. understanding boundaries. Courage: the capacity to move in malice of known frights. hazards and uncertainness. To be able to sit and listen to your client’s narrative. holding the bravery to be honest to your client. Non-verbal communicating Awareness of non-verbal communicating between the hearer and the speaker ; we try to be cognizant of how we use our ain organic structures and how the speaker uses their organic structure to pass on. * Eye contact – maintain oculus contact minimum and traveling around the face. * Facial look – show look but be restricting to how much you show. * Body position – maintain legs uncrossed and organic structure directly. maintain organic structure linguistic communication unfastened. * Body motion – convey your organic structure out to demo you’re interested and convey organic structure in when you’re truly taking in what your client is stating. * Head nodding – is a strong thing to makeshows your hearing. * Proximity/position of chairs – placement of the chairs is of import as non to be directed in forepart of each other. Why we use this accomplishment?* To demo speaker that the hearer is paying attending.* To seek to pass on that the hearer is present.* To make a warm environment.* To promote the speaker to open up.* To get down to construct a trusting relationship. Minimal encouragers Minimal encouragers are a signifier of verbal communicating. They are brief sentences or a individual word. Examples include: * ‘Go on’* ‘Tell me more’* ‘And’* ‘Because’* ‘Mmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ’* ‘Ah ha’* ‘Oh’ Using some of your minimum encouragers will assist to maintain your client speaking and motivate them to go on in at that place narrative. * To demo the speaker that the hearer is paying attending. * To pass on that the hearer is present. * To promote the speaker to go on their narrative. Reflecting A contemplation is offering back what the speaker has said but it includes the feeling that the hearer thinks was communicated. Feelingss might be contained in the words the speaker is utilizing or feelings might besides demo themselves in how the speaker presents i. e. looking sad or demoing that they are angry. Why we use this accomplishment? * To look into or demo that the hearer has understood.Gives client assurance that the hearer is really paying attending in what the client is stating * To assist the speaker become cognizant of their feelings.Gives the client the option of detecting what they are really experiencing for themselves. * To work nearer in the relationship.Deriving your clients swear to construct a relationship. * To make a sense of familiarity.As your leting your client to hear what they are stating and demoing that the feeling you may be supplying them with helps them to cognize you are genuinely listening to them. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is to offer back in a few words what the speaker has said in order to look into understanding and pass on your attending. Paraphrasing can be good to assist your client to hear what they have said and they know you have heard what they have said. Helps to demo you are seeking to understand what your client is stating. Why we use this accomplishment? To give the speaker an chance to hear back what they are stating. As it can be really helpful for your client to hear back what they have said. To cheque or show that the hearer has understood. It besides gives your client assurance that you have listened and heard what they have to state. To invite farther geographic expedition of the talker’s narrative.It helps your client possibly experience more confident and unfastened to speak more freely. Example:Speaker:It’s been a unsmooth hebdomad. I’ve done nil but argue with my spouse. the house has been burgled. there’s bad intelligence from the hospital†¦at least I got a win on the scratch-card. Listener 1: You got a win on the scratch-card Listener 2: It’s been a unsmooth hebdomad.Listener 3: You’ve been reasoning with your spouse What do you believe of the different listener’s responses? I think listener 2 is a much better response to what the client has said as foliages the narrative unfastened for the client to make up ones mind where they want to travel following. What do the responses say about the listener’s points of position? Listener 1 ) is really in appropriate as rather a few bad things gone on for your client. Listener 2 ) leaves it unfastened for your client to take what to speak about Listener 3 ) is besides a good thing to state but doesn’t give the client a opportunity truly to make up ones mind what they would prefer to speak about. * What other responses can you believe of? Possibly figure 2 ) but besides ask client to depict possibly the worst portion about the hebdomad? Summarizing A sum-up is an overview of what the speaker has been speaking about during the session. A drumhead can be used during the session every bit good as to stop the session. Think about the chief points of a session and state it back to your client. Summarizing truly helps allowing your client cognize you are truly listening and heard what they have said. Knowing if a silence is that your client is believing. or gone quiet as possibly a spot lost so you could recap what your client has told you. Re cresting can assist to get down your client speaking once more. Near the terminal of a session say to your client you have a few proceedingss left so let’s summarise and the choice out points. one time relayed back inquire your client if they would wish to add anything else. Why we use this accomplishment? * To pass on that the hearer has heard and understood the content of the session. * To garner of import points together.* To assist the speaker decide which points they want to speak about in more item. * To assist the speaker if they are stuck. traveling unit of ammunition in circles. confused or if the session needs traveling frontward. Reding Contract Place. clip. day of the monthsNumber of SessionssConfidentiality and restrictionsSupervision and note pickingsModel of reding usedFees and cancellation agreementsOut of session contactHaving a contract helps your client to cognize what’s expected of them. besides what is traveling to go on. Confidentiality and restrictionsOffering confidentiality is portion of a counsellor’s contract with their clients but there are bounds to this at which point further action will be needed. What are the bounds?At hazard – a individual. who is deemed to be at hazard to self or others. so could be speaking about harming his ego or others. Children – any kid at hazard of maltreatment. possibly a spouse aching or mistreating the kid. Vulnerable individuals – vulnerable people at hazard of maltreatment. by client or there spouse. Terrorism Act – there is a terrorist act hotline figure. for case if person said they were taking a bomb to the promenade ECT. If work ing for an bureau you would follow their guidelines around confidentiality. If at any clip you hear you client speak about any of the bounds you have discussed. you need to do your client cognizant that you have to interrupt the confidentiality. Other bounds include: Supervision – client stuff discussed with a supervisor. although this could be discussed with clients permission about their instance but non advert at that place name. Note-keeping – brief and factual notes made after each session. as a client has the rights to inquire for their notes to see.

The United States in World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The United States in World War I - Essay Example Later in 1917, America joined the war as they declared war against the Germans. This paper will discuss how the United States joined the war and how it participated in the war. Participation of United States in World War One Since Wilson was a peaceful man, he speedily announced that the United States was neutral in the war, and that it was to remain that way. However, it became very hard and complex for the United States to follow this path of neutrality. In this regard, the Americans could not ignore the development of the war even before joining it officially1. Even though the United States did not join the war immediately it commenced, it is evident that it had prepared for the war early in 1914. In this case, one of the largest ammunition merchants based in the United States, Bethlehem Steel, ordered millions of armoury from the British government. These included millions of weaponry shells, in addition to ten 500-ton submarines. Bethlehem continued with the construction of such alien vessels though they were against the law2. This armoury development continued through to 1915, where the U.S. armoury industry continued to develop, with support form western allied nations. In the meantime, Germany and Britain acted against the operations of the United States, which greatly angered the then president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson3. ... This is one of the operations that the Germans carried out in which president Wilson highly tolerated the Germans and acted with much patience and restraint. Most people believed that the president would declare war on Germany due to its constant attacks5. The Germans continued upsetting the Americans and on January 31, 1917, they resumed unhampered submarine conflict. This operation by the Germans saw the sinking of several U.S vessels, which angered Wilson further. Due to this, President Woodrow pushed for a declaration of war against Germany on April 2, 1917. This was the first time during the war period that United States officially joined the war and the house of Congress approved the move speedily6. After the declaration, most Americans did not receive and embrace the move. Few weeks following the declaration, out of a pool of ten million people, only 73, 000 men volunteered to join the army for the preparation of the war7. By the time the United States joined World War in Apri l 1917, the warfare had been intense in Europe for almost three years. The first instance when the United States contributed to the war was in Marshal Foch’s Allied counter-offensive commenced in July 1917. In this encounter, the Americans played a very significant role. Later in September the same year, the U.S first army of approximately 20 segments won a major victory in the St Michael salient8. The American Expeditionary force (AEF’s) was the major force employed to handle the operations of the First World War. This force first displayed the American flag in May 1917 to indicate that America was fully part of the war. Once, these forces

Synthesis and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Synthesis and Evaluation - Essay Example Friedman, therefore, wonders how a business can be said to have responsibilities, yet it is just an object. Similarly, Kotler & Zaltman (1971) agree that the objective of marketing a business strategy is to optimize profits. On a different note, however, while Kotler & Zaltman (1971) believe in the promising future of social responsibility in business, Freidman (1970) holds that businessmen who talk about social responsibility are puppets of social stratification. The difference in opinion, here is that Friedman does not believe in the future of social responsibility in business and is more objectivist. Kotler & Zaltman in contrast, though a bit objectivist, are more constructionist and still have faith in social responsibility of business. Some recent articles are similar in philosophy to seminal works, while others are not. Karnani (2010) is more objectivist just like Friedman, arguing that the idea that businesses can be socially responsible is a dangerous illusion. He argues that businesses only focus social responsibility in areas that promise massive profits. Carroll & Shabana (2010) on the other hand take on a more constructionist approach by arguing that indeed businesses can engage in social responsibility for the good of all stakeholders. Without the shareholders, the business would not exist. The latter, essentially, gives meaning to the former, thereby giving social responsibility in business a constructionist approach. Seminal works have a similar methodology as they rely more on qualitative methods to obtain data, specifically library sources. They constantly refer to the works of previous authors. Recent articles are different from seminal ones as they incorporate the use of both qualitative such as library sources and quantitative methods. Although recent scholars also make use of other literature, they also carry out researches and come up with statistical data to

Essay on strategy Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On strategy - Essay Example es have been developed and researches have been conducted to explore the socioeconomic phenomena on the concrete foundations of in-depth observation and existing realities. The global corporate culture has been adopting and following the Five Factors Model presented by famous theorist and strategic analyst Michael E. Porter in 1980. The theorist submits to state that since the contemporary era experiences the state of perfect competition in the wake of tremendous technological advancement, five-factor model is vehemently supportive in developing their strategic schemes and revising them according to the fast changing market situation. â€Å"The strategic business manager seeking to develop an edge over rival firms can use this model to better understand the industry context in which the firm operates.† (learnmarketing.net) Porter has described the following five factors as the part of his strategic model: Porter views these five factors to be regulating the future of a product as well as the organisation producing the product. Porter declares competitive rivalry between the firms as the most dynamic factor, which explains that the easier the entry in a business or industry, the higher the level of competition in that business area. Since such products are similar to one another in respect of characteristics, formulae and even outlook, the probabilities of their availability are also almost one and the same. Consequently, it is also flexible for the customers and consumers to switch from one product to its rival brand. For example, KFC is offering almost the same fast food items as being produced by McDonalds; the same is the case with Coca-Cola, RC Cola and Pepsi, where only few people are brand conscious and take these drinks as the substitute of one another. Thus, consumers take advantage of such a state of affairs, and the companies have to devise innovative plans and strategies i n order to combat with the situation of perfect competition. Porter also views

Performance management homework 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performance management homework 1 - Essay Example To determine this rate, all the machining, assembly, and fabricating direct costs must be multiplied with the multiply of their sum total. This calculation will help in determining or estimating the overhead rates. Precision Joinery Co. Manufactures high-quality wooden products for the house-building sector, specializing in window-frames, doors and kitchen cabinets. For many years, the company’s costing system has relied on the assumption that direct labor hours were the critical factor in the occurrence of overheads. Accordingly, overheads were allocated to products on the basis of the direct labor hours taken to manufacture each product. The company’s relationship with its customers has changed in recent years. House-building companies have become more rigorous in their demands in terms of both product design and service support after delivery. The Managing Director of Precision Joinery Co. Has become increasingly disillusioned with the current product costing system, which he believes to be producing costs which do not reflect the change in the market environment initiated by the company’s customers. Under duress, the Management Accountant has carried out a further examination of available costing information, some of which the Managing Director considers useful in a possible redefinition of the costing system. The activity based costing or the ABC cost allocation often assigns the manufacturing overhead costs of the products in a highly logical way than the normal or the traditional approach that simply allocates costs on the basis of the machine hours (Armstrong and Baron, 2005; p. 85). The ABC initially assigns costs to activities that really lead to the overhead. After that, it assigns costs to activities or products that are actually demanding the activities. The overall result often maps the miscalculations on the true cost of the manufacturing overhead. Therefore, it is apparent that the ABC

Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Design - Essay Example ; the contribution of the research to the field and to the society; the value of the research to the researcher; and how the research will be perceived. In carrying out the design project, design methods have been sought that can be relevant throughout the design process. This implies gathering the necessary design literatures. When it comes to online search for design literatures, the key word for the search will be ‘design method’ even though this is expected to generate general results, some not related with the design subject being handled. Both secondary and primary sources will be used in the process so as to develop a concrete project that fully satisfies the vision and mission of the project. Given the magnitude of the project, stakeholder involvement in the setting the mission and vision is very critical (Clarke, 2008). As such, a meeting with key stakeholders will be necessary. Additionally, a diverse team will be assembled which will be instrumental in implementing the vision and mission of the project. Further, scenarios of user experience will be explored; the target group defined in terms of gender, age an d income range, where they live, their culture and their general preferences. Even as the project will be ongoing, more literatures will be assessed to further enhance creativity and expand the scope of ideas in terms of design. Given the nature of the project, strategic thinking will be of critical importance in ensuring that critical business assumptions are not missed (Gordon et al., 1998). It will also enable better conception of ways of managing the project. Establishing a strategic story would add value to the project and create a measure of uniqueness that will distinguish the project from the rest. Reading the book â€Å"The Business Model Canvas†, some vital questions regarding the personal project have emerged. Using the building blocks mentioned above, systematic strategic plan that is highly likely to result in the successful

Palestinians Refugees in 1947-48 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Palestinians Refugees in 1947-48 - Assignment Example the plan, it was approved and almost immediately fighting broke out between the two sides, both of whom were deeply attached to their homes and saw no reason to abandon it to the other (Price, 2003). Claims are in dispute over why almost 700,000 Arabs from Palestine became refugees, and from both sides accusations are contested even to this day. Arabs maintain that they were driven from their homes by Jewish forces which started out as fellow citizens of Palestine, but would later come from the recognized Jewish state of Israel (Price, 2003). Israel claims that no one ever forced Palestinians to abandon their homes; they left instead on instructions from trusted Arab leaders (Price, 2003). Regardless of the reasons, once-revered citizens were becoming refugees in great numbers. There is evidence that massacres and scare tactics were used on Arab settlements to drive out its inhabitants, causing them to become refugees. Threats were issued via posters and notecards by Jewish forces, soon followed by grenades and buildings being exploded on the pretense that they were being used as Arab military sites (Krystall, 1998). The city of Jerusalem and its surrounding villages were the site of many of these tactics, with 28,000 Arabs soon fleeing in order to avoid more fighting or the loss of their lives (Krystall, 1998). 50,000 Arabs were expelled from the villages of Lydda and Ramle (Benin & Hajjar). The town of Dayr Yasin saw the worst massacre, as on April 9, 1948, Jewish forces killed everyone in the village, even after they proclaimed surrender (Krystall, 1998). Thereafter, the name of the village was used as another scare tactic against Arabs, as loudspeakers proclaimed day and night â€Å"Unless you leave your homes, the fate of Dayr Yasin will be yours!â⠂¬  (Krystall, 1998, 10). Arabs were not alone in their refugee status. Jewish citizens became refugees as well, but under different circumstances. Theirs was a better fate as they had a new nation bordering the old

Relationship between GDP and Public Debt

Relationship between GDP and Public Debt On the Relationship between GDP and Public Debt during the EMU period (1991-present) The Maastricht Treaty laid out a central objective: that in order for the EMU to mature and lead to the establishment of a single currency in the EU – i.e. the Euro, the member nations’ fiscal and monetary policies had to be harmonized. The first task was for nations to reign-in their public debts by controlling their budget deficits. The Treaty created objectives that budget deficits had a ceiling of 3% of the GDP and the public debt had a prescribed limit of 60% of GDP. As Chart 1 reveals, that prior to the EMU efforts starting in 1991, there were some member nations that had extremely high public-debt to GDP ratios and they had to be under pressure to stabilize their government spending, and, hence the public debt. The idea behind imposing the upper limits on debt was to impose discipline and to reduce crowding out of private investment by lowering interest rates. As Chart 2 shows, that even though the growth rates of public debt in the pre-Euro years of the EMU era (1991 to 2005) were lower as compared to the pre-EMU period, they were still high for some countries. In order to study the relationship between GDP and Public Debt, this paper examines whether governments changed their fiscal policy regimes to suit the Maastricht goals. The dependent variable the ratio of Public Dent to Nominal GDP – is regressed on the GDP gap (i.e. the difference between Real GDP and the Potential Real GDP) as well as a dummy variable signaling a period when a regime shift would have occurred. The time-period is 1991-2005 and the data used is from the Eurostat (AMECO). There are two major events in the EMU era – the second phase of the process beginning in 1994 and the establishment of the Euro in 1999. So, two different models are studied – one that has a dummy variable equal to 1 for years 1994 – 2005 (Model A) and the other that has the dummy equal to 1 for 1999-2005 (Model B). If a country began controlling their debt around 1994, there should be a negative coefficient for the dummy in Model A and if they made a serious change in t heir fiscal policy around the time the Euro began, Model B should have a negative coefficient for the dummy. The coefficient for the GDP-gap variable should be negative – as theory dictates. (Macroeconomic theory tells us that governments ought to use expansionary fiscal policy in times of recessions and contract their deficits when the Real GDP cycle turns positive.) OLS Results for Model A. OLS Results for Model B. * These equations had evidence of auto-correlated errors; ** For these cases it is uncertain as to whether or not autocorrelation exists. The coefficient for the GDP gap is negative in almost all cases in both models. Most of the countries that do not have negative coefficients for the dummy variables in either model were those that had low public debt ratios to begin with – i.e. Austria, Finland, Luxembourg, Portugal, and Spain. While Germany also had relatively low levels of debt, the integration of East Germany must have generated fiscal pressures. Among the high-debt countries – Belgium, Ireland, France, and Greece – only the first two show evidence of changing their fiscal policies in the EMU period. France and Greece continued with fairly high growth rates of debt growth. The fact that more countries demonstrate regime changes (negative coefficients for the dummy variable) in Model B might reflect that with the starting of the common currency, there was greater pressure to conform to Maastricht’s conditions. (For the cases exhibiting autocorrelated errors, I tried estimating the equations with differenced variables but that did not lead to improvement with respect to the problem. Hence, the original versions are displayed).

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials

Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Historical Survey of Dental Restorative Materials Introduction: Dental restorative material is a biomaterial used to restore the shape and function of damaged or missing tooth (caused by caries or trauma). Restorative materials can be divided into two types depending on whether they are designated to be applied directly to the injured tooth or fabricated in the lab firstly. 1. Direct Dental Restoration: Direct restoration means the usage of dental materials to save injured tooths function. A filling is a way to restore a damaged tooth by decay to recover its function and shape again (1). There are several kinds of materials which are used as filling. The right choice is determined by many factors; such as: extent of required repair, cost, having allergies to specific materials, etc Metallic Fillings: Gold fillings: gold has used as filling material. It is prepared in a laboratory and after that it is cemented into required place. Gold inlays are well compatible by gum tissues. Gold is considered the best filling material because it may last more than twenty years (1). However, gold filling often requires many visits to dentist as well as it is the most expensive choice. The following figure is for tooth with gold filling: Fig. (1): Gold filling Amalgam Fillings: first introduction of amalgam was in the United States in 1830, then this material was developed in both England and France. The amalgam fillings consist of silver, copper, zinc, tin and mercury. After starting of using amalgam as filling, controversy arose because of adding the mercury to fillings. At the beginning, this material is not embraced in the USA by the organized dentistry. In 1840, many members of dental surgeons of the American Society refused to use amalgam as filling material(2). In fact, the amount of mercury which was added to fillings was harmful to the health of patients. The mercury exists in filling may seep into the patients system and lead to a number of health concerns, for example: cancers or multiple sclerosis. Therefore, nowadays a lots of precautions have been taken to be sure that amalgam fillings are safe as possible as for patients (3). Generally, amalgam fillings are resistant to wear and inexpensive. But, according to their dark color, they are not desirable like other filling materials as well as they are not used in visible areas, like front teeth. The following figure is for tooth with amalgam filling: Fig. (2):Amalgam filling Non-metallic Fillings: Resin-Based Composite (RBC) fillings: composite fillings are closely to be the same color of natural teeth and these fillings are used where a natural appearance is required. The components are mixed and then placed directly into the tooth cavity, after that they harden. Actually, many experiences have approved that composites are not the ideal filling for large cavities because they may wear over time. As well, composites may become stained from tobacco or drinks like coffee or tea. They do not last more than three to ten years, however, recent research has suggested that the longevity of resin-based composites could be equally to amalgam (4). The following figure is for tooth with composite filling: Fig. (3):Composite filling Porcelain fillings: these fillings could be inlays or onlays. They are produced to order in a dental laboratory and then bonded to the damaged tooth. Porcelain fillings can be resist staining and matched to the natural tooth color. Generally, porcelain restorations cover most of the tooth. However, the cost of these fillings is similar to gold fillings. Glass-ionomer cements/water-based cements: Self-setting which is pure glass ionomers, or light cured which is resin modified glass-ionomers. Glass ionomer restoratives become popular with dentists because of their adhesive properties as well their ease of handling. They are relatively poor in resistance to moisture. These fillings have adequate compressive strength to be used as core build-up. However, flexural strength and fracture toughness of these materials are low. Therefore glass ionomer cements are suitable to place where there is tooth substance remaining to support the filling material and where resistance could be obtained from tooth tissue. Cermet cements do not supply advantages more than glass ionomers and they usually have poor adhesion to tooth structure(5). In general, the longevity of glass-ionomers is lower than that of amalgam or RBCs (4). Long-term temporary fillings; for example: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cements (4). 2. Indirect Dental Restoration: Indirect restorations are prepared in laboratory away from the injured tooth. Indirect restorations include inlays which are intracoronal, crowns and bridges that are extracoronal, or onlays which is considered as a combination of intracoronal- extracoronal. Crowns: Crowns could cover all/ partially the surfaces of tooth. After making a decision which restoration should be done for patient, materials and methods should be determined to begin the fabrication (5). Design and Materials Selection for Indirect Restorations: Gold: For more than 4 thousand years, gold has used as a restorative material in dentistry. The first gold fixed bridges were introduced by Romans and then its dental applications have published widely (6). The selection of restoration type and design will depend on the clinical situation details. However, gold is considered as one of the most efficient restorative material especially as extracoronal. Fig 4,5 show Cast gold crown (7,8). Fig (4): Cast gold crown Fig (5): Cast gold crown Advantages Disadvantages Having a hardness which is similar to the normal enamel Gold crown is fabricated by cast process from molten that may sometimes lead to microgaps at margins which are liable to decay Contours of occlusal and axial are built up clearly in the wax Visibly different from the color of natural teeth long-lasting High sensitivity hot/cold Used for complete/partial tooth coverage. long procedures for preparation (cast) and treatment Avoiding problems caused by using dissimilar metals High cost Porcelain: For many years, porcelain has used as a dental restorative material. Porcelain is a brittle material that requires special treatment for surface, such as: etching and silanisation. Porcelain crowns require restriction to anterior teeth excluding some types such as, Empress II, Inceram and Procera which are considered high-strength ceramics. Advantages Disadvantages Strong hardness of porcelain is more than natural enamel, that may cause damaging to the other natural teeth (for example; clench and grind) Natural looking Small thickness makes porcelain brittle and fracture No conductivity of (heat-cold) More reduction of tooth structure should be done Suitable for metal sensitivity-patients Fig 6 shows porcelain crowns (8). Fig (6): porcelain crowns Porcelain metal: Porcelain metal crowns combine between durability strength of the metal, and good aesthetics of the porcelain, Fig.(7): shows porcelain gold crown (8). Fig (7): Porcelain Gold Crown Advantages Disadvantages Comparing with full porcelain it is Stronger more durable Opacity because of the metal base Better aesthetic than full metal Existence of dark metal edge at the gum line Bonding techniques used are less sensitive than techniques used for full porcelain Porcelain and metal base could separate during use Limitation because of metal allergies of some Patients Composites: Recently, Composites are used widely in dentistry according to their high strength, high wear resistance and less expensive than other materials like: porcelain, gold, or zirconia. As well, composites used in onlay/crowns have permanent form stability comparing with other materials (5). However, sometimes a material less wear-resistant is more favorable to be sacrificial to nature. Fig. (8) shows a composite crown (5): Fig (8):A composite crown Table (1) illustrates comparison of materials used for indirect restoration (9): table (1): Comparison of materials used for crown manufacturing Porcelain Porcelain metal Gold alloys Metal alloys Biocompatibility Well tolerated. some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Well tolerated. Well tolerated, but some patients may show allergenic sensitivity to base metals. Esthetic natural color translucency limits translucency because of metal. desirable color Durability Brittle Strength is related to bond to underlying. strong durable. High strength toughness Fracture Resistance Weak under tension impact. metal improve the strength. Highly resistant. Wear Resistance Highly resistant, except when porcelain surface becomes rough. Resistant Sensitivity Low thermal conductivity High thermal conductivity Implants: First introduction of dental implants was in the 1960s by Brà ¥nemark. Dental implants are fabricated to replace missing teeth. The chemical and physical properties (composition characteristics of the implant surface and its microstructure, in addition to the design of implant) determine the factors which influence the implant therapy. Many criteria should be achieved such as, strength, biocompatibility, toughness, resistance of wear, corrosion, and fracture. The design principles and the physical properties of the material must be compatible. Table 2 includes materials used to produce dental implants due to their chemical composition (10). Table (2): Chemical composition of implant material Titanium Titanium Alloys: Several metals and metallic alloys including: gold, cobalt chromium, and stainless steel are used to produce dental implants. Last research declare that titanium is the gold standard metal to fabricate dental implants. This material approves long-term survival during experiments (10) and totally inertia to fluids of the mouth (11). Table (3): shows the mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys. Table (3): Mechanical and physical properties of biomedical titanium alloys Material Modulus (GPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Density (g/cc) Type of Alloy Cp Ti grade I 102 240 170 24 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade II 102 345 275 20 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade III 102 450 380 18 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Cp Ti grade IV 104 550 483 15 4.5 ÃŽÂ ± Ti-6Al-4V- ELI 113 860 795 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-4V 113 930 860 10 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-6Al-7Nb 114 900-1050 880-950 8-15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-5Al-2.5Fe 112 1020 895 15 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd 94-99 715-919 693-806 18-28 4.4 ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr 80 911 864 13.2 4.4 ÃŽÂ ² The ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² alloy is the most commonly used for the manufacturing of dental implants. This alloy is made up of 6% aluminum 4% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) (10). Reports indicate that incidence ranging of titanium implant fracture from 0% to 6%,on the other hand, it is an uncommon occurrence. Fig (9): shows the titanium implant fracture. Fig (9): Titanium implant fracture. Recently, there are some concerns that titanium could evoke an undesirable host reaction; however, little evidence is available about that. Ceramics First introduction of ceramics to dental implants were in the form of coatings onto metal-based implants. They were used to improve osseointegration. Recently, various forms of ceramic coatings have been used for dental implants. Table 4 illustrates ceramic materials used as dental implants (10): Table 4: Ceramic materials used as dental implants Material Chemical Composition Hydroxylapatite (HA) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ÃŽÂ ±, ÃŽÂ ²,Ca3(PO4)2 Fluorapatite (FA) Ca10(PO4)6F2 Tetracalcium phosphate Ca4P2O9 Calcium pyrophosphate Ca4P2O7 Brushite CaHPO4, CaHPO4 ·2H2O Bioglasses SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P205-MgO, Aluminium oxide Al2O3 Zirconium oxide ZrO2 Zirconia is the most favorable among oxide ceramics according to its excellent mechanical properties. Yttria stabilised tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) materials exhibits high corrosion wear resistance, in addition to its high flexural strength (800 to 1000 MPa) comparing with other dental ceramics (10). An understanding of the bio-mechanical failure modes of zirconia implants is essential so that an optimal zirconia implant design can be developed. Based on more fundamental studies in the biomaterials science field, the physical mechanism of ceramic implant failure can be either chemical and/or mechanical in nature. Mechanical failure can occur either during the surgical placement of the implant or subsequent functional loading. Clinical examples of fracture modes of zirconia implants are shown in fig. 10,11: Fig (10): zirconia implant fractured during surgery Fig (11): zirconia implant fractured after loading. References: 1. Colgate. Oral Care Centre, 2016. Weblog. Available from: http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/procedures/fillings/article/what-is-a-filling 2. WOLFE B. Energetic Healthcare and Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://www.drwolfe.com/dentistry/mercury_fillings 3. The 123 Community Dentist Network. The History of Dental Fillings, 2013. Weblog. Available from: The History of Dental Fillings 4. Report of the meeting convened at World Health Organization. Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration. Switzerland, 2009. 5.. Restoration of teeth (complex restorations) 6. KNOSP H., HOLLIDAY R. J., CORTI C.W..Gold in Dentistry: Alloys, Uses and Performance,2003. 7. Donaldson J. A. The Use of Gold in Dentistry, AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. PART I, 1980. 8. RICH M.A Comparison of Dental Crown Materials. Health Centered Dentistry. Weblog. Available from: http://drmartharich.com/resources/a-comparison-of-dental-crown-materials 9.American Dental Association. Oral Health Topics- Dental Materials. Weblog. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/dental-materials 10. OSMAN R. B., SWAIN M. V. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia, 2015. 11. CROITORU S. M., MIHAILESCU I. N., POPOVICI I. A. Materials and Technologies Used in Present Dental Implants Manufacturing, 2014.

Response to Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay -- Plays Susan Glaspell Mu

Response to Trifles by Susan Glaspell The play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell is type of murder mystery that takes place in the early 1900’s. The play begins when the sheriff Mr. Peters and county attorney Mr. Henderson come to attempt to piece together what had happen on the day that Mr. Wright was murder. While investigating the seen of the murder, they are accompanied by the Mr. Hale, Mrs. Hale and Mr. Peters. Mr. Hale had told that Mrs. Wright was acting strange when he found her in the kitchen. After taking information from Mr. Hale, the men leave the women in the kitchen and go upstairs at seen of the murder. The men don’t realize the plot of the murder took place in the kitchen. The action begins when the men leave the women in the kitchen alone. This where Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find out themselves find out who had kill Mr. Wright. For some unknown reason the women were acting like they were profession detectives, they were asking question and making conclusion. They were discussing the way the kitchen was left are the murder. For example, when Mrs. Peters was looking through the cupboard, she finds out that Mrs. Wright had bread set. Mrs. Hale concludes that Mrs. Wright was going to put the loaf of bread beside the breadbox. Another example is when Mrs. Peter notices that Mrs. Wright had been making a quit. They were asking question if Mrs. Wright making quilt or making a knot, like a professional detective. The men come back in the kitchen and overhear th...

Parent-child Bonding Essay -- essays research papers fc

In each person's life much of the joy and sorrow revolves around attachments or affectionate relationships -- making them, breaking them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds as a special bond -- the type a mother or father forms with his or her newborn infant. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection to children for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. According to J. Robertson in his book, A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in there lifetimes, but at any one time there are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached. He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals -- mother, fat her, brother, sister, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson 1). Attachment is crucial to the survival and development of the infant. Kenneth and Klaus points out that the parents bond to their child may be the strongest of all human ties. This relationship has two unique characteristics. First, before birth one individual infant gestates within a part of the mothers body and second, after birth she ensures his survival while he is utterly dependent on her and until he becomes a separate individual. According to Mercer, the power of this attachment is so great that it enables the mother and father to make the unusual sacrifices necessary for the care of their infant. Day after day, night after night; changing diapers, attending to cries, protecting the child from danger, and giving feed in the middle of the night despite their desperate need to sleep (Mercer 22). It is important to note that this original parent-infant tie is the major source for all of the infant’s subsequent attachment and is the formative relationship in the course of wh ich the child develops a sense of himself. Throughout his lifetime the strength and character of this attachment will influence the quality of all future ties to other individuals. The question is asked, "What is the normal process by which a father and mother become attached to a healthy infant?"... ... a long time to trust anyone." (Berman 36) Maybe now people (parents) will come to realize that bonding does not only refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult. But it is the phenomenon whereby adults become committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection for whom they have cared during the first months and years of life. Works Cited Berman, Claire. Adult Children of Divorce. Simon and Schuster, New York: 1991. Brazelton, Bob. The Early Mother-Infant Adjustment. Elsevier Publishing Co. Amsterdam: 1973 . Kennell, John and Marshall Klaus. Parent-Infant Bonding. The C.V. Mosby Company,Missouri: 1976. Macfarlene, Rolland. The Relationship between Mother & Neonate. Oxford University Press, New York: 1978. Mercer, Joe. Mother's Response to Their Infants with Defects. Charles B. Slack Inc., New York: 1974. Meyers, Susan. Who Will Take the Children? Bobbe-Mervil,Indianapolis/New - York: 1983. Oaklander, Violet. Windows to our Children. Real People- Press, Utah: 1978. Robertson, J. A Baby in the Family: Loving and being Loved.Penguin Books, London: Ltd., 1982. Stewart, Mark A. Raising a Hyperactive Child. London: Harper and Row Publishers, 1973.

Constant changes or reforms

Education in Malaysia has gone through extended alterations throughout the old ages. These changeless alterations or ‘reforms ‘ are carried out with possibly merely one vision in head, and that is to better the current bing instruction and acquisition processs in schools and higher establishments of larning. Such action high spots the authorities ‘s endless attempts in seeking to better the quality of instruction for its people. After a decennary into the New Millennium, the instruction scenario is more pressed to set about even more betterments in seeking to get by with the demands and outlooks of instruction in the twenty-first century. We can no longer be satisfied with what we have, but alternatively there is a demand to constantly compare ourselves to that of more developed states, and this is particularly true with the field of instruction. This is to guarantee that our people will be able to vie internationally in this borderless universe. This is really much in-line with the vision of our longest-serving Prime Minister Tun Mahathir Mohammad. Tun, back in the 90 ‘s shared his vision and dreams for this state through â€Å" Wawasan 2020 † or Vision 2020. Harmonizing to his article â€Å" Malaysia on Track Vision 2020 † , as a physician he is attracted to the optometrist measuring of Vision 2020 which indicates 100 per centum perfect vision. He farther explains that Vision 2020 in relation to the hereafter of this state would be the quest for Malaya to hold clear vision of our hereafter as in where we want heading and what we want to be in the New Millennium. As Malaysia plans to transform into fully-developed state, instruction becomes the precedence of the authorities since it is one of the most powerful entities that would find the success or failure of the state. The hereafter of any state depends on its people. It is hence of import to guarantee that everyone is equipped with the necessary cognit ion, accomplishments and values to last in this extremely competitory and globalised universe which is impacted by rapid development in scientific discipline, engineering and information. The importance of instruction has become more overriding particularly in our State ‘s procedure of traveling from an economy-based on labour-intensive and lower-end manufactured merchandises to k-economy or knowledge economic system. The Ministry of Education ( MOE ) and The Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) are two organic structures which are responsible in guaranting that state is traveling towards the specified mark. This is clearly outlined in the 2 cardinal pushs under the National mission ( â€Å" Mid-term Review of Ninth † , 2008 ) ; Thrust 2: to raise capacity for cognition and invention and raising foremost category outlook. Thrust 3: to turn to relentless socio-economic inequalities constructively and fruitfully. In line with the thrust towards developing the state ‘s K-Economy, the current economical tendency is to concentrate on the promotion and rise in accent on the country of scientific discipline and engineering. As a step to accomplish this vision, the authorities has adopted a holistic attack in Malayan instruction system by stressing on command cognition, rational capital and developing engineering and entrepreneurial accomplishments. Since scientific discipline and engineering play a major function in lending to a more developed state, the authorities seems to give more accent on instruction and larning procedure of scientific discipline in the primary, secondary and higher instruction. It is consistent with Malaysia ‘s purpose which to bring forth more experts in scientific discipline or in general to bring forth a future coevals of intellectuals. Therefore, as scientific discipline pedagogues, it is of import to be cognizant of the demand of the state. There is a demand to guarantee that the instruction and acquisition procedure is focused in bring forthing persons who fulfill the authorities ‘s aspiration. Hence, it requires instructors to hold passion, creativeness, intelligence and finding to do certain that the bringing of cognition is genuinely effectual. Among other things, methods in instruction, teacher ‘s cognition and public presentations are often being observed to guarantee that instructors remain first-class in their instruction. This is because ; instructors play a major function in guaranting the effectivity and the success of the existent bringing and execution of the Malayan course of study. Therefore, when be aftering a lesson, instructors need to be cognizant of the aims of the course of study by integrating good content values into the lesson, implement the course of study designed by the minis try and at the terminal of it all, assess the results of the course of study. But it is non plenty to concentrate merely on the instructor without looking at the relevance of the Malayan scientific discipline course of study, which really contributes to the success or failure of scientific discipline instruction. In fact, it is really a major issue that is invariably discussed among scientific discipline pedagogues and academicians in Malaysia. Is the Malayan scientific discipline course of study mensurable to that of the criterions of other states? This is pertinent inquiry that needs to be answered. Therefore it would be utile to compare Malayan scientific discipline course of study with other developed states in order to find the criterion of Malayan course of study.1.1 Background of StudyThis comparative survey between the Malaysian scientific discipline course of study and the Steiner Waldorf in scientific discipline course of study was conducted chiefly to derive penetrations on the much-researched and discussed about Steiner course of study. Having experienced the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and after prosecuting an awards ‘ grade in scientific discipline instruction, the research worker is really familiar with the state ‘s scientific discipline instruction course of study, particularly issues refering to its content and pedagogical attack. However, the research worker is with the sentiment that new cognition of new educational course of study can be utile in guaranting better quality of scientific discipline instruction. This is of import in position of supplying the best in scientific discipline in the context of Malayan schools. In position of seeking to better the bing course of study it would be interesting to happen out the criterion of Malayan scientific discipline course of study in comparing to other developed states. This is of import to guarantee that our pupils will be able to vie globally. Comparative survey of course of study across states provides background information about how to understand bing strengths and failings of the present course of study ( Moosa & A ; Che Azura Che An, n.d ) . Therefore, this research can propose ways to assist pupils to execute in the topic of scientific discipline and besides assist scientific discipline instructors in their instruction. This is important as over the past few old ages, there have been a batch of jobs discussed about the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and the major portion of the treatment revolves around the instruction and acquisition procedure. As a consequence, it raised the research worker ‘s involvement to look into the affair so that the research worker could detect ways to better the Malayan scientific discipline course of study in order to make effectual lessons yet in gratifying environment for the pupils to larn scientific discipline. In Malaysia, the thought associated with scientific discipline instruction is intended to be in-line with bing policies which is specifically to fix pupils for scrutiny. There are a few officially recommended patterns for scientific discipline instruction such as constructivist instruction, command acquisition, scientific discipline procedure accomplishments, believing accomplishments, and metacognition, autonomous, self-paced and self-assessed acquisition and others that, if carried out decently can guarantee the successful and effectual lessons. Current thought in scientific discipline is looking towards a paradigm that is more inclusive of the diverseness that exists in our life-worlds ( Revathi, R et Al, 2003 ) . Science is besides perceived as a procedure of meaning-making and states such as the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa ( Aikenhead, 2000 ) are implementing scientific discipline learning attacks that incorporate scholars ‘ cultural and lingual beari ngs. For illustration the scientific discipline schoolroom needs to be one that is interesting and multi-discursive which permits the instructor and pupils to work together in making cognition. However, such an attack or a characteristic is non common in the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. The thought to bring forth a coevals that is ideally competent in scientific discipline seems hard and this seems to propose that there is demand for Malayan scientific discipline course of study to be reviewed. From the aims of the course of study to the issues of appraisal, everything becomes important and needs thorough reevaluation. The characteristics and map of scientific discipline discourse include explicating hypotheses, planing probes, roll uping informations, pulling decisions and pass oning consequences ( Chamot & A ; O'Malley, 1994 ) and these are the accomplishments which are fundamentally being emphasized by the instructor in the schoolroom. Sadly, the application is non obvious in the pupils ‘ day-to-day life particularly in the context of Malaysia. By carry oning this research, the research worker hopes to be able to acquire some penetrations into the Steiner Waldorf course of study and the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. Having done this, it is hoped that the research suggestions may foreground bing spreads in curricular, pedagogical or other facets through comparing between Malayan scientific discipline course of study with Steiner Waldorf instruction. From the suggestions made, hopefully the instruction and acquisition of scientific discipline will be more effectual and more gratifying for the pupils. By holding a good clip in larning scientific discipline through effectual methods employed by the instructor, the research worker believes that it will assist pupils to execute better in all the scientific discipline topics and at the same clip get scientific cognition in a wider position. Apart from that, it will besides assist to bring forth all rounded pupils as outlined in the National Education Philosophy.1. 2 Statement of the ProblemThe Integrated Curriculum for Secondary School ( Kurrikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah, KBSM ) is the continuance of the New Primary School Curriculum ( Kurikulum Baru Sekolah Rendah, KBSR ) . This alteration in the course of study construction is the authorities ‘s scheme to switch the accent of instruction that existed in 1970s to a more modern-day holistic construct of larning that encompasses moral, spiritual, societal, physical, and rational development of a individual ( Rosnani.H, 2004 ) . In scientific discipline instruction, holistic instruction purposes to bring forth pupils who are able to associate the content that they learned in the schoolroom to their day-to-day life. It refers to their ability to utilize scientific thought and processes in a wider context so that it will foreground the effectivity of the KBSM which subscribes to the rules of womb-to-tomb acquisition. After holding informal interviews with a few seniors ‘ instructo rs and talks with scientific discipline instruction background, the research worker found out that Malayan scientific discipline course of study somehow does non back up the holistic instruction as being mentioned and fails to accomplish the intended results. The followers is the sentiment given by the senior lector who was interviewed by the research worker ; â€Å" My intuition is the general population of the pupils does non associate what they learn to everyday state of affairs because many surveies have shown that pupils do non like scientific discipline and they find scientific discipline isolated or make non tie in with them. So we can deduce from that the pupils do non related what they learned nor pattern their scientific attitudes. † ( personal communicating ) This is farther supported by the consequences of Trends in International Math & A ; Science, TIMMS appraisal in scientific discipline taken by Malayan pupils in 2003. The TIMMS appraisal is designed to assist to better pupils ‘ acquisition in math and scientific discipline where the appraisal by and large focuses on the pupils ‘ mathematics and scientific discipline accomplishments. In the appraisal, our pupils scored an norm of 504 which exceeds the international norm of 474 ( Martin et al, 2004 ) and placed Malaysia to be at 19th out of 44 take parting states. The public presentation really is non genuinely impressive if compared to the public presentation of pupils from other developing states in Asia Pacific such as Singapore Chinese-Taipei and Republic of Korea. The line of statement is what are the facets that missing in Malayan pupils since those states secured the top 3 placing and hence have clearly performed better than our pupils. Another interesting penetration which the research worker gathered through informal interviews with the senior instructors and talks, every bit good as his personal experience as a scientific discipline pupil and in-service instructor is the fact that Malayan instruction system gives excessively much focal point on scrutiny. In order to last in the Malayan instruction system, pupils need to stand out in public scrutinies ( UPSR, PMR, SPM ) . Somehow the state of affairs affects learning and larning procedure which is a portion of the course of study. Teachers admitted that the focal point is merely to complete the course of study within the clip allocated by the school disposal. Through informal interviews with the pupils, the research worker besides discovered that pupils think it is easier for them to concentrate and fix themselves for the scrutiny alternatively of prosecuting in meaningful acquisition. The research worker besides found out that because of the demand to complete up the course of study, the lessons were non conducted decently by instructors. Teachers seldom make contemplations on their instruction. Even though the achievement of the aim and acquisition results are the measuring to a successful lesson in Malayan instruction system ; most of the clip, instructors do non hold effort to happen out whether their pupils have really acquired the specified acquisition results. An effectual scientific discipline schoolroom should be able to do pupils believe and treat the cognition received in the schoolroom. Ironically, the scenario does non go on in most Malayan schoolrooms. Because of the scrutiny affair, the research worker believes that instructors tend to pretermit their method in learning scientific discipline. In true fact, a scientific discipline category should be filled with interesting and variable activities so that pupils will bask the category. However, in worl d most science lessons, more frequently than non, are non merely field and dull but besides could kill pupils ‘ exhilaration in larning the topic. This is another concern of the research worker since there is a inclination that the state of affairs mentioned supra could do the pupils to lose involvement in larning scientific discipline. The Steiner Waldorf instruction is similar to the Malayan instruction system in footings of its accent on the development of human existences and in the proviso of holistic instruction. What is different is in footings of the execution and the effectivity of the course of study. Scieffer and Busse ( 2001 ) in their research discovered that the pupils from Steiner school did better than pupils in province school in United States. Other research ( Easton, 1997 ; Oberman, 1997 ; Uhrmacher, 1993b ) besides suggested a positive relationship between Steiner school instruction, larning and pupils accomplishment. Furthermore, research on Steiner instruction besides mentioned about consistence of Steiner pupils public presentation in National trial from 2000 to 2004. Ogletree ( 2000 ) in look intoing the originative ability among the pupils in England, Scotland and Germany through the usage of Torrance Test of Creative Thinking Ability ; found that by and large Steiner school pupils obtained significantly higher creativeness tonss than their province school equals. It really reflects the effectivity of the accent on creativeness in Steiner course of study. Jalinek and Sun ( 2003 ) in research that they conducted which aimed to compare the instruction in Steiner and mainstream schools revealed that, the Steiner kids who tested in logical logical thinking and scientific discipline activity which developed by TIMMS international comparative survey performed better than pupils from other schools. The scientific logical thinking of Steiner school pupils was found to be outstanding. The research suggested that the consequence of the trial is really influenced by the civilization of the Steiner instruction which taught less content to the pupils and the Steiner instruction itself creates less examination force per unit area to the pupils. Indeed, the Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study has its ain alone attack and method which proved to promote effectual larning. Such a state of affairs ceases to be in the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. It is with this job in head that the research worker has decided to ship on this comparative research survey with the hope to pull on some of the best patterns to be incorporated into Malayan schoolroom.1.3 Research AimsThe chief aim of the research is to compare the Malayan instruction and Steiner Waldorf instruction in scientific discipline course of study with regard to objective, content, execution or direction and the appraisal. In comparing both course of studies, the research worker want to happen out the features of Steiner instruction scientific discipline schoolroom and wish to look at their strengths and singularity which is present and seek to see how this is different from the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. From the information gathered, a thorough analysis will be made by the research worker, and the findings of the research could be the footing for the research worker to give suggestions for the improvement of Malayan scientific discipline course of study every bit good as to bridge the spread between these two course of studies.Research QuestionsTwo research inquiries are as follows: What are the features of Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline category? How does the Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study differ from the Malayan Secondary Science Curriculum with regard to their aims, content, implementation/instruction, and evaluation/assessment?1.4 Significance of the StudyThis research aims to look at the Malayan scientific discipline course of study. By making this, it will assist us to hold a clear image of how a course of study maps and at the same clip, it allows us to mensurate the success of the course of study. Many instructors have expressed their discontentedness over current jobs faced by the instructors and pupils in scientific discipline instruction, and the incrimination is normally on the ineffectualness of the course of study. This is an dismaying job as it could impact the figure of pupils who are interested in scientific discipline topics and if this happens, Malaysia will really rock from its attempts to accomplish Vision 2020. This comparative survey of the Malayan scientific discipline course of study and the Steiner scientific discipline course of study is important in recognizing our dreams of bring forthing human existences who know their ability and self-potential. This is the nucleus value stressed in the Steiner Waldorf ‘s course of study which aims to supply scholars with meaningful acquisition and turn them into deep scholar. Steiner Waldorf pupils are encouraged to bring forth originative thoughts and this indirectly nurtures the pupils to be critical minds. Therefore it is really important for the research worker to happen out in what aspects that the Malayan scientific discipline course of study can be improved by accommodating the Steiner Waldorf instruction. Hopefully, the findings of the comparative research will assist to better scientific discipline instruction in Malayan schools.1.5 Research RestrictionsTime restraint is the major restrictions of this research. The research worker b elieves it is ideal to hold longer clip for the research worker to roll up informations sing Steiner Waldorf instruction in United Kingdom, UK. Longer period of survey will able the research worker to make observations in greater deepness and visit more schools to be included in survey. Alternatively of clip restraint, pecuniary is besides one of the restrictions in this research. Since the research was funded by the university, the research worker has to finish the procedure of informations aggregation within the stipulated clip. However, what is done by the research worker is sufficient to hold a general image of the difference between the two course of studies.1.6 Scope of StudyThe focal point of the research is merely to compare the Malayan instruction and Steiner Waldorf scientific discipline course of study. This survey involved informations collected from one school in Plymouth and a Steiner Waldorf Department in University of Plymouth. Since this is a preliminary comparative survey of these two course of studies, focal point will briefly highlight the four parts of the course of study which is the aims, contents, execution and the appraisal of both course of studies. However, excess accent will be given on the execution and assessment process as compared to the first two parts in the course of study. Though it would hold been ideal to be able to transport out observation and interviews in more schools across the UK, these two chose are sufficient to give a clear preliminary image of what Steiner Waldorf instruction involves.1.7 Operational DefinitionMalayan scientific discipline course of studyMalayan scientific discipline course of study refers to science course of study which developed and implemented in Malaysia for secondary degree. However, in order to demo the continuance and the development or patterned advance of this course of study the research worker wills erstwhile high spots the scientific discipline course of study at the primary degree.S teiner Waldorf EducationSteiner Waldorf Education refers to the instruction that founded by the Rudolf Steiner in 1919. This instruction is world-wide and does non refers or belong to a specific state. The portion of this instruction that being discourse in this research is its ‘ scientific discipline course of study.Science EducationScience can be defined as â€Å" cognition attained through survey or pattern, † or â€Å" cognition covering general truths of the operation of general Torahs, particularly as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical universe. † It may besides mention as a system of geting cognition where the system uses observation and experimentation to depict and explicate about natural phenomena. Science besides term which can mention to the organized organic structure of cognition people has gained utilizing that system. Therefore, the term scientific discipline instruction that been utilizing in this resear ch refers to the procedure of educating scientific discipline to the pupils or may refers to the field of scientific discipline itself. Which the field of scientific discipline in instruction that being discussed in this research covers the major subdivisions in scientific discipline such as biological science, natural philosophies, chemical science, general scientific discipline and natural scientific discipline. Beginning: Webster ‘s New Collegiate Dictionary cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencemadesimple.com1.8 DecisionAs a decision, ‘review ‘ and ‘reform ‘ in Malayan scientific discipline course of study is necessary or possibly a demand as we refer to the current instruction ‘s status in Malaysia. It has been 53 old ages that Malaysia achieved its independency, and throughout the 53 old ages, Malaysia had gone through tonss of transmutation and alterations. However, the research worker believes that, in order for Malaysia to make to the degree of developed state, instruction should be the foundation of the aspiration. Education in Malaysia requires more alterations every bit good as ideal and realistic policies and execution, so that it will be able to bring forth human capitals that are scientific, knowing and competent.

Dickens’ Hard Times: His Penchant for Romantic Principles Essay

Hard Times is a rare example of fiction spun out of very prosaic materials. Yet it possesses certain romantic characteristics of brooding tenderness and deep sympathy for the neglected and the underprivileged which became hall mark of Charles Dickens’ novels. It also displays a grieving melancholy, a mournful reflectiveness and a quantity of self-indulgent sentimentality. The American scholar A. O. Lovejoy argues that â€Å"the word ‘romantic’ has come to mean so many things that, by itself, it means nothing at all. It may seem that repetition has wrung the life out of the term, yet it still appears to be as potentially sustaining as a twist of pemmican. It is a word at once indispensable and useless. F. L. Lucas has counted 11,396 definitions of romanticism. (Cuddon. 767). But we are more concerned with the definition of â€Å"a tendency to exalt the individual and his needs and emphasis on the need for a freer and more personal expression. †(Cuddon. 769-70) The entire novel in three parts is built up on the romantic and nature imagery of sowing reaping and garnering of harvest. It is an illustration of the biblical saying â€Å"As you sow, so your reap. † The first book of â€Å"sowing† begins with the seeds of wrong education by Mr. Thomas Gradgrind: â€Å"In this life, we want nothing but Facts, sir; nothing but Facts! † (Hard Times. 3) But as the story develops, we find that it is this education of hard facts which runs riot and destroys the happiness of his own children, Tom and Louisa. Dickens creates a poignant novel out of misplaced affections and social exploitations. Ironically, his son and daughter, Tom and Louisa, are misled by their father’s unimaginative education. They get along with the wretched Sissy Jupe, the daughter of a poor circus worker and suffer at the hands of the hard-hearted school master. Sissy is forced by circumstances to leave school and work as a household companion to Tom and Louisa who prefer the world of imagination so vehemently denounced by their father. Louisa’s first blunder is to run into an incompatible marriage with a man of fifty when she is just eighteen. It turns out to be a marriage of convenience with a highbrow aristocrat named Joshia Bounderby who unabashedly declares: â€Å"I have watched her bringing-up, and I believe she is worthy of me. At the same time – not to deceive you—I believe I am worthy of her. † (Hard Times. 84) The reason for such odd marriage is her brother Tom who seeks a position in Bounderby’s bank. Dickens exposes the hypocrisy behind the veneer of Victorian idealism. Interwoven with it is the sub-plot of unfortunate Mr.  Stephen Blackpool who jumps from the frying pan into the fire by his attempt to run away from his alcoholic wife. His love for Rachel is frustrated as he gets no help from anyone to divorce his wife. Moreover, he is witch hunted for a false charge of robbing the bank which is actually masterminded by than Tom. Throughout the novel Dickens explores the conflict between the world of facts and imagination in children and its effects in their later life, as the New Testament says: â€Å"by their fruits ye shall know them.† (Matthew 7. 20) Being a drop-out Sissy is lucky to have escape Gradgrind’s soul-destroying education and proves its futility. Dickens’ story depicts the suffering of victims, especially women, for whom we feel great sympathy. The underdogs include Sissy and his poor father Mr. Jupe, the unhappy Blackpool and Mrs Pegler. Rachael is romantically attached to Blackpool and spends sleepless night to be with him, but it is an irony of fate that she has to serve Stephen’s sick wife in impoverished lodgings. Like Sissy, she is an angel who lives for others. In Victorian society her relationship with a married man can hardly be expected to be respectable. In a moving speech she reveals her feeling of guilt for her misjudgment. Mrs Gradgrind first carries out her husband’s philosophy only to realize late its folly and advices Louisa to pay heed to Sissy. Mrs. Pegler is another victim of wrong education. Her megalomaniac son, Bounderby, tries to prove how he has succeeded despite his neglected childhood, but his allegations are proved to be false. The romantic interest in the story is sustained in Hard Times by Louisa Gradgrind. Against her father’s warning, she peeps at the circus and comes to her brother’s defense by asserting her curiosity. Because of her immaturity she is exploited by James Harthouse; yet she shows considerable wisdom by being very sensitive to her mother in death bed. Harthouse has his charm of personality, particularly for the people he likes. Mr. Harthouse’s romantic affair with Louisa is marred by the jealousy and suspicion of Mrs Sparsit. Sissy Jupe is associated with the heavenly ‘ray of sunlight’. In spite of the halo, she is down-to-earth and she makes a last attempt to hide Tom in the circus when he is implicated in robbery. It is touching to see her consoling Rachael when she waits for Blackpool. There are also victims of incompatible marriage like Louisa and Bounderby, as well as Blackpool and his drunken wife. Louisa’s marriage is a sacrifice to provide her brother with a job, but he repays this sacrifice with utter ingratitude by robbing the bank that provides him with livelihood. Most of them are victims of wrong education imparted by Thomas Gradgrind’s ‘model school’. Failed marriage is a recurrent theme in Dickens’ novels. In David Copperfield, for example, the marriage with the sweet doll-like Dora crumbles to make way for a sensible marriage with mature Agnes. Dickens himself was romantic like his hero and had an incompatible marriage with Maria which broke up in 1833 when he became free to marry Catherine Hogarth in 1836. Though she bore thirteen children, her marriage broke up in 1858 when Dickens developed a romantic affair with actress Ellen Ternan. Dickens spins a memorable tale out of the sordid industrialized life of nineteenth century England – Coketown with its blackened factories, downtrodden workers and polluted environment. Dickens gives a vivid picture: â€Å"It was a town of red brick, or brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. .. It has a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and trembling all day long..†(Hard Times. 18) His concern for Nature being substituted by man-made machines is expressed in no uncertain terms: â€Å"A special contrast, as every man was in the forest of looms where Stephen worked, to the crashing, smashing, tearing piece of mechanism at which he laboured. Never fear, good people of an anxious turn of mind, that Art will consign Nature to oblivion. † (Hard Times. 54) This horrid picture of an industrialized town presupposes a romantic nostalgia for the natural beauty of the pre-industrialized era. The plot of Hard Times hinges on the ‘stick-to-hard-facts’ education imparted by Mr.  Gradgrind: â€Å"Herein lay the spring of the mechanical art and mystery of educating the reason without stooping to the cultivation of the sentiments and affections. Never wonder. †(Hard Times. 39) But his philosophy is defeated by his own children who secretly wondered â€Å"about human nature, human passions, human hopes and fears, the struggles, triumphs and defeats, the cares and joys and sorrows, the lives of death of common men and women! †(Hard Times. 39) Herein lies dickens’ romanticism – the triumph of the mind over matter.